Different Networking Layers of Computer Network

In computer networking, communication happens in different layers. Dividing the communication process into different layers offers an organized method for analyzing how data moves through systems in computer networking.

The two popular models that work on this layer architecture are the TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Both divide network operations into different layers, and this article explains all these networking layers.

Furthermore, if you want to build a career in IT networking, you can check out our IT infrastructure courses that provide certification training and online courses to master computer networking.

What are Networking Layers?

Network layers are the framework that organizes and standardizes. how data is transmitted across networks. The complex process of communication is broken into smaller, manageable, and structured layers, where each layer has its fixed function.

OSI and TCP/IP are the two models that help us visualize these networking layers.

CCNA Training OnlineBegin your journey in IT field with CCNA certification.Explore course

7 Layers in the OSI Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that helps us understand data transmission in a computer network.

Here are the 7 layers of the OSI model and their functions:

Data Communication Through 7 OSI Layers

To see how the 7 layers of the computer network OSI model operate in harmony, let’s walk through a familiar scenario: sending a file via Skype. 

Imagine you’re on your laptop, sharing a photo with a friend using Skype. Behind the scenes, each networking layer plays a key role in moving that file from your device to theirs. 

1. Application Layer (Layer 7): User Interaction Begins 

Skype, acting as your network application, initiates the file transfer using a protocol such as FTP. This is where you select the file and click “send.” From your perspective, it’s simple, but underneath, the Application layer is preparing the data for transport. 

2. Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Encrypting and Compressing 

Before your file is sent, the Presentation Layer steps in to ensure secure and efficient delivery. It might encrypt the data using TLS (Transport Layer Security) and compress it into a ZIP format. This ensures the file is smaller in size and protected during transmission. 

3. Session Layer (Layer 5): Establishing the Connection 

The Session Layer establishes and manages the communication session between your device and your friend’s. It keeps track of the data exchange and ensures each packet is associated with the correct session (if there are multiple applications are running simultaneously ).

4. Transport Layer (Layer 4): Ensuring Reliable Delivery 

Next, the Transport Layer (often using TCP) segments the file into smaller, manageable chunks called segments. It assigns port numbers to ensure the data reaches the correct application on the recipient’s device and uses sequence numbers to ensure the segments arrive in order and intact. 

5. Network Layer (Layer 3): Finding the Route 

Each segment is then passed to the Network Layer, where it’s encapsulated into packets and assigned source and destination IP addresses. This layer is responsible for routing the data through various networks and determining the best path across the Internet. 

6. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Framing for Local Delivery 

At this layer, the packets are wrapped into frames, which include MAC addresses to identify devices on the local network. The Data Link Layer ensures the data can travel across your Wi-Fi or Ethernet network to your router or access point. 

7. Physical Layer (Layer 1): Transmitting the Signal 

Finally, the Physical Layer translates the binary data into electrical or radio signals, depending on your connection type (e.g., over Wi-Fi). These signals travel through the transmission mediums to the destination. 

8. On the Other Side (Rebuilding the Message) 

When your friend receives the file, the entire process reverses.  The Physical Layer receives the signals and converts them back into bits.  Each layer above decodes, reassembles, decrypts, and interprets the data.  Eventually, the Application Layer (Skype) displays the file to your friend, exactly as you sent it.

4 Layers of TCP/IP Model

Real-life data communication happens through TCP/IP layers. The 4 layers of the TCP/IP model and their functions are:

Data Communication Through 4 TCP/IP Layers

Considering the same example of sharing an image on Skype, let's understand the communication process in TCP/IP layers.

1. Application Layer: Where It All Begins

You open Skype, choose a photo, and hit “send.” This is the layer where user interaction happens. Skype uses protocols like HTTP, FTP, or SMTP to initiate the transfer. This layer also handles things like data formatting, encryption (e.g., TLS), and session management to make sure your file is ready to be sent securely and efficiently.

2. Transport Layer – Breaking It Down

Once the file is ready, the Transport Layer takes over. It breaks the photo into smaller chunks called segments. If Skype uses Transmission Control Protocol, it ensures that each segment is delivered reliably and in the correct order. It also assigns port numbers so the receiving device knows which application the data belongs to.

3. Internet Layer – Finding the Way

Now, each segment is wrapped into a packet and given a source and destination IP address. This layer is responsible for finding out the best path for the data to travel across the internet.

4. Network Access Layer – Sending It Out

Finally, the packets are converted into frames with hardware (MAC) addresses and then into electrical or radio signals. These signals travel through your Wi-Fi or Ethernet to your router and then out to the internet. This layer handles both the physical transmission and the local delivery of data.

5. On the Receiving Side

Your friend’s device goes through the reverse process:

The Network Access Layer receives the signals and converts them back into bits.

The Internet Layer reads the IP addresses and routes the packets to the right place.

The Transport Layer reassembles the segments and checks for errors.

The Application Layer decrypts and decompresses the file, and Skype displays the photo.

Why Does the Layered Model Matter in Networking? 

Layered models, such as OSI and TCP/IP, are essential for designing, troubleshooting, and scaling modern networks. Here are some reasons why a layered network structure is so impactful: 

● Each layer handles a specific function, allowing developers and engineers to focus on one part of the system without needing to understand the entire stack.

● Layered models ensure that devices and software from different vendors can communicate seamlessly using standardized protocols.

● Network issues can be isolated to specific layers (e.g., physical, transport), making it easier to identify and resolve problems efficiently.

● Layered architecture supports the growth of networks from small LANs to global WANs by enabling flexible routing. 

●  The OSI model, in particular, provides a clear framework for learning and understanding how data flows through a network.. 

Networking Layers in the Age of Cloud, AI, and 5G  

Networking layers are powering today’s most advanced technologies. Here’s how:

●  Cloud platforms like AWS and Azure hide the lower layers, so developers can focus on building apps, not managing servers.

●  5G and Wi-Fi 7 are making the physical layer faster and more efficient, especially for edge devices.

●  AI-powered tools like Cisco ThousandEyes can detect and fix network issues by understanding which layer is affected.

●  New protocols like QUIC are replacing older ones like TCP to make streaming and video calls smoother.

●  Even space networks are adapting TCP/IP for high-latency environments like satellites and deep space

Conclusion  

Understanding the OSI and TCP/IP models is essential for designing, securing, and troubleshooting modern networks. These layered frameworks help IT professionals ensure performance, enforce security, and support innovation across technologies like Kubernetes, IoT, AI, and satellite networking.  

As digital systems grow more complex, the structured interaction of these layers continues to enable reliable connectivity, efficient service delivery, and scalable infrastructure. from streaming media to space-based communication.