What is a Coaxial Cable?

Coaxial cable is a wired transmission medium that is used to connect different devices in a computer network. It remains a cornerstone of modern communication networks, even as fiber optics and wireless technologies surge ahead.

In this article, we have explained coaxial cable in detail, covering components, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of Coaxial cable. Furthermore, if you are interested in learning more about network infrastructure, you can check out our IT infrastructure courses.

What is Coaxial Cable?

A coaxial cable, often referred to as coax, is a type of electrical cable used to transmit high-frequency signals with minimal loss. It consists of the Inner Conductor, Insulating Layer, Shield, and Outer Jacket.

It was invented by Oliver Heaviside in 1880 and later commercialized by AT&T in 1940. Coaxial cable remains a durable, cost-effective option alongside alternatives like twisted pair and optical fiber. Coaxial cable is a copper-based cable designed with a metal shield and insulation to block signal interference.

Named for its structure, where a signal-carrying copper core and a concentric grounding shield share a common axis, coaxial cable efficiently transmits data with minimal loss. Commonly used by cable TV companies to connect satellite systems to homes and businesses, coaxial cable also sees limited use in telephone networks.

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Components of Coaxial Cable

The materials used in Coaxial cables are:

1. Copper Conductor

At the core of the coaxial cable is the copper conductor, typically made of solid copper or copper-clad steel. This central wire is responsible for carrying high-frequency electrical signals. Copper is chosen for its excellent conductivity, which ensures minimal signal loss over distance and reliable data transmission.

2. Insulator (Dielectric Layer)

Surrounding the copper conductor is a non-conductive insulating layer, also known as the dielectric. This material, commonly made from polyethylene or foam plastic, not only separates the inner conductor from the outer shield but also maintains signal integrity by minimizing energy loss

3. Braided Metal Shield (Outer Conductor)

Encasing the insulating layer is a braided mesh or foil made from copper or aluminum. This shield functions as the outer conductor and serves two critical purposes: it acts as a return path for signals and protects the cable from external electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI)

4. Protective Plastic Jacket

The outermost layer of the coaxial cable is a protective plastic sheath, typically made from PVC or a similar material. This jacket safeguards the internal components against environmental damage, including moisture, abrasion, and physical stress. It also enhances the cable’s flexibility and makes it suitable for both indoor and outdoor use.

How is Data Transmitted in a Coaxial Cable?

Coaxial cable transmits electrical signals through its central copper conductor, while the surrounding layers serve to protect and preserve the quality of the signal. The inner conductor carries the data signals, and the insulating dielectric layer prevents signal loss and maintains consistent electrical properties.

The metallic shield blocks external electromagnetic interference (EMI), ensuring that the signal stays strong and clear. Because the signal travels within the insulated central conductor and is enclosed by a grounded shield, coaxial cables can transmit high-frequency data over long distances with minimal loss and reduced risk of external noise.

The layered construction also prevents the signal from radiating outward, keeping transmissions secure and stable. In essence, coaxial cables provide a reliable path for data transmission by combining efficient signal containment with strong protection against interference.

Types of Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables come in various types, each suited for specific applications. Some common types include:

What is the Price of Coaxial Cable?

The price of coaxial cables varies based on type, length, and quality. Generally, prices range from ₹10 to ₹234 per meter. Here's a table summarizing the prices for different types of coaxial cables:

Applications of Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cables are used in certain situations, such as:

1. Coaxial Cable for Internet: Coaxial cables are widely used to deliver broadband internet through Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) networks.

2. Coaxial Cable for Audio: In audio applications, coaxial digital cables are used to transmit high-quality audio signals between devices like CD/DVD players, soundbars, and AV receivers.

3. Coaxial Cable for TV: Coaxial cable is a standard medium for transmitting television signals from antennas, satellite dishes, or cable TV providers to TVs or set-top boxes.

Coaxial Cable Connectors

Coaxial cables use specialized connectors to interface with devices. Some common types of coaxial connectors include:

1. BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) Connector

Commonly used in video transmission, radio, and lower-frequency television systems, BNC connectors operate effectively up to 4 GHz. Their bayonet-style locking mechanism allows for a secure and quick connection.

2. TNC (Threaded Neill–Concelman) Connector

A threaded version of the BNC connector, TNC, provides improved performance in mobile and wireless communication systems. It supports higher frequency ranges, functioning reliably up to 12 GHz.

3. SMA (SubMiniature Version A) Connector

Used in applications such as Wi-Fi antennas, mobile devices, GPS, and microwave systems, SMA connectors are known for their precision and can handle frequencies up to 18 GHz.

4. QMA Connector

A quick-lock alternative to the SMA connector, QMA connectors are preferred in industrial and communication electronics where frequent connections and disconnections are needed.

5. SMB (SubMiniature Version B) Connector

SMB connectors are smaller than SMA and typically used in telecom and wireless infrastructure. They offer easy snap-on coupling and are suited for applications that don't require very high-frequency transmission.

6. F-Type Connector

F connectors are standard in digital cable, satellite TV, and broadband internet systems. Designed for RG-6 or RG-59 cables, they offer stable performance for residential signal transmission.

7. RCA (Radio Corporation of America) Connector

RCA connectors, also known as A/V jacks, are widely used for audio and composite video. These are the traditional red, white, and yellow plugs found in older home entertainment systems.

Advantages of Coaxial Cable

The following are the advantages of Coaxial Cable:

● Coaxial cables can support high-frequency signals, allowing them to carry large amounts of data, making them suitable for broadband internet and television services.

● The built-in shielding prevents electromagnetic interference, ensuring reliable signal transmission.

● Coaxial cables are robust and resistant to physical damage, making them ideal for both indoor and outdoor applications.

● Compared to fiber optic cables, coaxial cables are relatively inexpensive to manufacture and install.

Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable

The following are the disadvantages of Coaxial Cable:

● Despite their shielding, coaxial cables suffer from signal degradation over long distances, requiring repeaters or amplifiers for long-range transmission.

● Coaxial cables are thicker and less flexible than other types of cables, such as fiber optics or twisted-pair cables, making them harder to work with in tight spaces.

● While coaxial cables are suitable for broadband internet, they don’t offer the same speeds or bandwidth as fiber-optic cables.

● Coaxial cables are expensive

Future of Coaxial Cables

In India, the market is expanding rapidly, with projections showing an increase of over USD 490 million between 2025 and 2030, fueled by the government's digital initiatives. The telecom cable sector, valued at USD 6.72 billion in 2024, is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.63% to reach nearly USD 10 billion by 2030.

India's cable TV industry also supports this growth, reaching over 100 million households across 1,500 cities, making coaxial infrastructure vital for both television and internet services. U.S. coaxial cable market remains steady with a 2024 valuation of USD 3.9 billion and an expected rise to USD 4.5 billion by 2035.

The continued rollout of 5G networks, demand for stable broadband, and reliance on coaxial systems in broadcasting keep the U.S. market active. Both countries demonstrate that despite advancements in fiber optics and wireless technology, coaxial cables retain strong relevance in bridging legacy infrastructure with modern digital needs.

Conclusion

Coaxial cables remain a reliable and cost-effective solution for various communication needs, especially in cable television, broadband internet, and security systems.

Despite the rise of newer technologies like fiber optics, coaxial cables continue to play a vital role due to their durability, shielding, and ability to support high-frequency signals.

As technology advances, coaxial cables are likely to continue evolving, maintaining their relevance in the ever-changing landscape of digital communication.